Ubiquitin enzymes in the regulation of immune responses

Ubiquitin enzymes in the regulation of immune responses

Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of various biological functions including immune responses. Ubiquitination is induced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions by E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reversed by deubiquitinases. Depending on the enzymes, specific linkage types of ubiquitin chains are generated or hydrolyze...

NAD+-Consuming Enzymes in the Regulation of Lung Immune Responses

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a role as a coenzyme in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions and mediates not only energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions, but also calcium homeostasis, aging, and cell death. Moreover, extensive evidence attests to the great importance of the non-redox functions of NAD+ via NAD+consuming enzymes. Indeed, ADP-ribose transferases, cADP-ribo...

Regulation of Ubiquitin Enzymes in the TGF-β Pathway

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway has a tumor suppressor role in normal and premalignant cells but promotes oncogenesis in advanced cancer cells. Components of the pathway are tightly controlled by ubiquitin modifying enzymes and aberrations in these enzymes are frequently observed to dysregulate the pathway causing diseases such as bone disorders, cancer and metastasis. These en...

Advantages of Extracellular Ubiquitin in Modulation of Immune Responses

T and B lymphocytes play a central role in protecting the human body from infectious pathogens but occasionally they can escape immune tolerance, become activated, and induce autoimmune diseases. All deregulated cellular processes are associated with improper functioning of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in eukaryotic cells. The role of ubiquitin in regulation of immune responses and in ...

Regulation of Immune Responses By